Among the majority castes of Nepal, the Kewat or Kewart caste is a major caste in the Terai. These castes have been involved in agriculture from the very beginning. Aryamul is counted as a backward caste in the Terai.

Agriculture seems to be moving forward by making agricultural production and sale of agricultural commodities its traditional occupation.In the early days of the caste system of Hinduism, after the origin of the Brahmanical texts by the Brahmins, the Kevart class was kept as a pure caste. Nepal’s caste

The Hindu scriptures Ramayana and Mahabharata also mention these castes who have been living in the Terai region since ancient times. Incidents such as Lord Rama eating the false beer of Sabari and a person from the Malhar caste crossing the river in his name with the help of Shri Ram are reminiscent of the saying of the great poet Laxmi Prasad Devkota that ‘a man with a big heart is not a caste’.

Francis Buchanan, a foreign scholar who has studied the people of the Hindu Aryan race, writes of Kewat or Kyot, “Kewart had the status of a Brahmin in Assam and Vyas in Bengal.”

In Nepal, these castes have not been given the same importance as the farming castes, so education, consciousness and awareness of the potential seems to be increasing the respect.

There are four sub-castes or groups including Gakhait, Sadya, Dhima and Bahikiyot in the Vartas and we find that the number of Sadyas is more among them. The Kevarta people live in almost all the districts of the Eastern Terai of Nepal from Jhapa to Parsa.

Goddess Mata Kali, Gahil and Gauraya are the main deities of the Kevarta caste while the Kevarta caste celebrates festivals like other Hindu castes. Some of the worship related to crop farming is of a special kind.Nepal’s caste

Other Dalit castes in the Terai:

Dusadya caste: – Dusadya caste has been living in the Terai region for centuries. Since Dusadya caste is classified as Dalit caste of Tarai, it would be appropriate to give reservation as Dalit caste of Nepal instead. While listing as Dalit and reserved caste, justice will be done to this backward caste in many areas.

This caste, which has been discriminated even by the Constitution of Nepal (2063 BS), still has to struggle very hard to ensure its rights. He says that the Rana rulers had taken away the land of their ancestors from the Dusadya people who had a lot of land in the Terai.Nepal’s caste

In India or Aryavarta, the term Dalit was used to refer to the Shudra caste or the caste serving the Brahmins and the Kshetris.

The Dusadya caste, classified as the Dalit caste of the Tarai, worships Sahales, their original male deity, and at the same time worships all Hindu deities.

In particular, they worship Lord Sahales, Bhagwati, Kalibandi, Satyanarayana, Mahamaya, Lord Vishnu and Ganesha. Dusadya is also called Paswan or Pasi. Dalit leader and former Union Minister Ram Vilas Paswan is famous in Paswan Thar.

According to the 2068 census, the population of Dusadya or Paswan caste in Nepal is 20,910. The oldest place or connection of the Dusadya caste is with the palace of King Kulheshwar of Pakdihan in Siraha district of Nepal.Nepal’s caste

These castes were known in the court as watchmen, soldiers, heroes and mighty men. Similarly, the ruby ​​baths, bathing arenas, places of worship, etc. used by Sahales are still referred to as Sahales Bagh or Phulbari. Not only Paswan or Dusadya caste but also other Hindu sects worship Sahales Maharaj.

The worship of Sahales Maharaj is celebrated with pomp and circumstance on the first day of the year, i.e. on the 1st of Baisakh, B.C. On the same day, i.e. on the 1st of Baisakh, the Dusadya caste sings songs based on the folklore of Sahales Maharaj and also performs dances.

Similarly, worship and programs are also performed at a place called Sahales Than in Siraha district.In ancient times, it is believed that these areas were ruled by the heroic and ancestral Dusadya caste. The people of these castes including Golo, Datri, especially Dusadya, Paswan or Hazara write their surnames.Nepal’s caste

Their traditional occupations are agriculture and palm collecting. They are also seen in other areas.The ancient land of the Dusadyas is considered to be the Siraha district of present day Nepal and the adjoining areas of Siraha district of Bihar state of India.

The Paswans of the Dusadya caste include Kamur, Kurna, Maghaiya Sur Jahar and Paliwar. Dusadya people also say that Dusadya people have their own ancestors. In the past, the dusadyas who took care of their parents were called Kamur and the children who did not take care of their parents were called Kurna.

Similarly, the children who ran away from Magha out of fear of their parents were called Paliwar and the children who cared only for their own children rather than their parents.In the Dusadya caste, social activities mainly include birth, Chhathiyar, Nawaran, Annaprashan, Chuda Karma, marriage and death rites.

The child is kept in a separate room for six days after birth and on the sixth day it is cleansed and Chhatihar is celebrated. It is done on the same day after Chhathiyar. Annaprashan Like other Hindu castes, some people also do Chuda Karma.

The date of marriage is fixed after the consent of the bride and groom before the marriage. The bridegroom wears a traditional white headdress during the wedding procession. According to Hindu tradition, marriages are performed by Brahmins chanting mantras.Nepal’s caste .

Dusadya caste: – Dusadya caste has been living in the Terai region for centuries. Since Dusadya caste is classified as Dalit caste of Tarai, it would be appropriate to give reservation as Dalit caste of Nepal instead. While listing as Dalit and reserved caste, justice will be done to this backward caste in many areas.

This caste, which has been discriminated even by the Constitution of Nepal (2063 BS), still has to struggle very hard to ensure its rights. He says that the Rana rulers had taken away the land of their ancestors from the Dusadya people who had a lot of land in the Terai

Death rites are performed like other Hindu castes in the Terai Madhes. The Dusadya caste burns the corpse from north to south and the head of the corpse is placed to the north.

In Barkhi Barda, only the eldest son stays in Kiria, but on the thirteenth day, it is customary to be completely cleansed of lies. The Dusadya caste has been celebrating festivals like the people of other Hindu sects. Although the Dusadya caste, which is one of the backward Dalit castes in Nepal, prefers to call themselves the upper class of Dalits, most of the Dusadya castes have fallen behind in the economic and social spheres.Nepal’s caste

FAQ’S

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History of Dhaka Topi (Hat)

In Newari, raw yarn is called kachika. The ornamental thread that a woman wears when she cuts her hair is called sachika. A kind of garland of raw thread worn during Mhapuja and Bhaitika is called Jajanka. Similarly, a special type of yarn used to weave a cloth hat is called dhaka. The Topi (hat) woven from dhaka is called dhaka and in Doteli language (Khas language) the thread made in the traditional way at home is called dhaka.In the old days, home-made yarn was used to cover the head with a scarf, a hat and a scarf for women to wear on their heads

. In the beginning it was called Dhaka Topi (hat), but later it became more and more popular. Nowadays, it is called “Dhaka Topi ( hat)”. Which is called Dhaka Topi  hat in Khas language. Some people also associate the word Dhaka with the Dhaka hat, the capital of Bangladesh. Although it is correct to argue and analyze events and objects from different angles or ideas, the Dhaka hat is a pure Nepali product.

Some analysts have suggested that the “cover cap” was later called the “cover cap” because it covers the head. Many types of hats have been worn in Nepal for thousands of years. Dhaka hat is one of the many types of Nepali hats.

International Topi (Hat) Day
On November 26, 2013, a public page was set up on the social network Facebook and for the first time, January 1 was declared as the International Nepali Hat Day and the day to wear Nepali hats. Accordingly, International Topi (Hat) Day has been celebrated in Nepal since January 1, 2014 according to the English calendar .

In the beginning it was called Dhaka Topi (hat), but later it became more and more popular. Nowadays, it is called “Dhaka Topi ( hat)”. Which is called Dhaka Topi  hat in Khas language. Some people also associate the word Dhaka with the Dhaka hat, the capital of Bangladesh. Although it is correct to argue and analyze events and objects from different angles or ideas, the Dhaka hat is a pure Nepali product.

 

The social media founders of this campaign are Dr. Lekhnath Kafle, Taiwan and Shankar Banjade. International Nepali  Topi (Hat) Day is celebrated on January 1 every year with the slogan “Nepali Hat, Nepali Dignity, Dignity and Identity”. Campaigners believe that doing so will promote Nepaliness internationally and help further promote and spread their culture within the country.

The Nepali hat is a symbol of the common and original identity of all Nepalis in all countries and places of Nepali and Nepali origin. International Nepali (Hat) Day has been celebrated all over the world from January 1, 2014 with the objective of making the use of different types of Nepali hats, which have been used for centuries, more widespread and global.

The campaign is covered in the media around the world on January 1 each year with public participation. Over the past few years, various groups, organizations and individuals, including the Self-Aware Youth Campaign, Nepal, have been celebrating Hat Day in the country and abroad with various programs.

Although many types of hats are used in Nepal, Bhadgaon, Dhaka and traditional Nepali hats are the main ones. Besides, different castes have their own hats. On the International Nepali Hat Day,

“Hat Disav” is a loose day that can be celebrated by the people of their respective regions, castes and tribes wearing their own hats or original costumes.On January 1, people wear Nepali hats according to their place and situation, take photos and share Nepali Hats Day on Facebook and on their own social networks.

Sixth International National Topi (Hat) Day
The Nepal Tourism Board had also participated in the National Dhaka Topi (Hat) Day, which has been celebrated at the grassroots level for the last six years, on January 1, 2018 BS. . This Hat Day is being celebrated to introduce Nepali identity to the world. (Hat)  Day is being celebrated in Nepal, Darjeeling, Assam, Dehradun and other cities of India. A hat gift was also given to the then Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba on the fifth Hat Day.

Branches of Nepali Hat Foundation have been formed in 41 different countries besides Nepal to celebrate the 6th Nepali Topi ( Hat) Day in a grand manner. Like every year, Jagaruk Yuva Abhiyan has gathered at Maitighar Mandala in Kathmandu on December 3 (today) at 8 am under the slogan ‘Nepali Hat, Our Pride, Our Identity’. Similarly, Nepalis in different parts of Nepal and around the world have celebrated the International Topi (Hat) Day with joy along with the New Year.

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Tihar is one of the biggest cultural festival of Nepali after Dashain. This festival is celebrated on the day of Kartik Krishna Paksha Triodashi under the name of Kaag Tihar and is celebrated till Bhaitika (five days) on the second day of Kartik Shukla Paksha .It is also called Yamapanchak as it is celebrated for five days.According to traditional belief, since Yamaraj stayed in  his sister Yamuna for 5 days , it is believed that these five days are called Yamapanchak.

Tihar is also a nature-worshiping festival. Worshiping the mountain, which is considered to be the main source of water and the messenger bird from the animals that are used throughout the year, is also a symbol of love, harmony and friendship.Hindus celebrate this festival as Diwali (Diwali) in many countries of the world including Nepal.

It is also known as Diwali and Dipawali. Since Goddess Dhanvantari was born on this day, it is also called Dhanvantari Jayanti or Dhantares. It is believed that offering lamps to Yamaraj in front of the main entrance of the house in the evening on this day will bring happiness and longevity of life . It is believed that there will never be immortality or death will come late  in that house. In Yamapanchak, crow, dog, cow and Lakshmi, bull-Govardhana and brother are worshiped by sisters respectively. Tihar is a festival of colors, flowers, lights and various Poojas in which playing Deusi, celebrating Diwali and playing with fire crackers ,cards,gambling and eating sweets like celeriac are celebrated with great pleasure and joy.

The 5 days in Tihar are as :

1.Kaag Tihar (Worshiping The Crow) :

Kaag Tihar falls on the day of Kartik Krishna Triodashi. On the first day of Yamapanchak, while worshiping the crow in the festival, flowers and inviolability that are  hovering around the sky. There is a classical provision that the crow should be called and given food items such as curd and rice.But now it is customary for crows to worship by placing rice, bread, sweets and various dishes on plates or duna or tapari on the roof or outside. There is also a provision to light a lamp in the name of Yamaraj in the evening on the same day.

The crow is a very clever and cunning bird. The crow is an omnivorous creature. There are various reasons for worshiping it. If the crow looks at everyone with the same perception, it eats insects and grasshoppers in the grain crop. The crow is also considered to be the messenger of Yamaraj. Crow is also a very dear devotee of Yamaraj.

It is said, ‘Speak well, change places to stay, give good news’. It is  believed that if the crow flew in the South,it will bring the loss.If it flew in the West,it brings Sorrow.If it flew in the east,it brings the prosperity  and the fame spreads if it flew  in the North.According to ornithologist Hemsagar Baral, “Worshiping Crow in Tihar is the representation  of love of humans towards all birds .”

Crows help to clean up the garbage dumped at home and in villages and towns. Studies have shown that the face once recognized by the crows,it will never forget. According to Baral, the crow is also an information carrier in itself. It also informs other creatures. When you see a violent animal in the forest, the crow makes a sound and signals danger to other animals. When a natural disaster strikes, it behaves strangely and makes a strange noise.

Crow is worshiped with this Mantra(Chanting):

‘ऐन्द्रवारुणवायव्यां याम्यां वै नैऋतास्तथा । वायसा प्रतिगृहृणन्तु मया दत्तं वलिंत्विमम् ।’

2.Kukur Tihar (Worshiping The Dog) :

The kukur tihar is celebrated on the second day of Yamapanchaka, i.e. Kartik Krishna Chaturdashi, in connection with which there have been various religious and social beliefs. Dogs are worshiped while reciting the mantra. Dogs are worshiped with flowers, inviolability, garlands and sweet food are on this day.

This day is also called Narak Chaturdashi. Dogs are also considered as messengers. The dog is another favorite of Yamaraj. Dogs are not only considered to be obedient and protective, but also to detect, study and investigate the perpetrators of various crimes. Dogs have been helping people by taking care of the house and protecting it from thieves. Thus, from the point of view of security, the dog is also beneficial. To this day, dogs are a popular pet. There is a cultural meaning for people to worship such a good animal.

In the same way, it also gives advance warning in case of any natural calamity or divine calamity. Dr. Jagman Gurung says – `Dog festival has its own cultural meaning, which indicates the time of the hunter-gatherer era. The dog’s sense of smell is excellent. Its use made it easier for people to hunt. The dog is also called Bhairav’s ride. So at the dog festival, we worship the dog’s favorite food and put garlands on it.

Dog is worshiped with this Mantra(Chanting):

 ’द्वौ श्वानौ श्याम शवलौ वैवश्वत कुलोद्भवौ । ताभ्यामन्नं प्रयच्छामि स्यातामेता बहिंसकौ ।’

3.Gai Tihar/ Lakshmi Puja (Worshiping Cow and Goddess Laxmi)

The third of the five days of the festival is the day of Kartik Krishna Amavasya or Aunsi. This day is also called Gai Tihar.

On this day,Gai Tihar and Lakshmi Puja, before performing any religious or social rites, the Hindus have a ritual of painting and purifying  the house-yard with cow dung.. On this day, Lakshmi is worshiped as the goddess of wealth and the cow as Gaumata.Cows are considered as livestock. Man uses cow dung as an ‘antiseptic’. Cows absorb various harmful radiations from the sun. It helps to clean the atmosphere. Dung gas extracted from cow dung is a major bio fuel. Hindus consider cow to be the form of Lakshmi and Gaumata.

The words Gaijatra, Gaipala, Gaiprani, Gauprani etc. provide various symbolic meanings based on cows.

Goddess Laxmi and Cow are worshiped with this Mantra (Chanting):

“लक्ष्मीर्या लोकपालानां धेनुरूपेण संस्थिता घृतं वहति यज्ञार्थे मम पापं व्यपोहत”

“सुरभिर्वैष्णवी माता नित्यं विष्णुपदेस्थिता । गोग्रासं च मया दत्तं त्वं गृहाणानुकम्पया”

Lakshmi is considered to be the goddess of blessings and the symbol of prosperity. The night of Kartik Krishna Aunsi is considered as the darkest night. The cow is considered a symbol of Lakshmi and Lakshmi is worshiped on the evening of the cow festival. To worship Lakshmi, to worship centipede, velvet flower, akshata, abir, saffron, barley, sesame, curd, panchamrit, cloth, celeriac, cosmetics, coconut, lava, junar, camphor, incense, money  and red soil is needed to cover the yard. Celery is also offered to Lakshmi as an offering. In the darkness, the work of illuminating the night with the light is done to invite Goddess Lakshmi to houses. There is also a message that any kind of darkness should be removed by the light of the consciousness inherent in oneself.

Its origin starts when it was  celebrated  by the people of Ayodhya on the eve of Lord Ramachandra’s ascension to the throne of Ayodhya on the day of Kartik Krishna Aunsi after the destruction of various demons and  Ravana in the spirit of public welfare. However, in all these contexts, the fact that this day is of great importance becomes clear. It is a religious tradition to specially worship and adore Goddess Lakshmi on the day of Kartik Krishna Aunsi with the desire of increase in wealth and prosperity and then to use Lakshmi’s offerings to mark the Swastika on one’s drawers, safes, stores etc.

In Nepal, it is celebrated as a part of Yamapanchak. Of the four important nights of the year, the night of Lakshmi Puja is called Sukharatri. In Diwali, “Tamsoma Jyotirgamaya” means to give yourself spiritual satisfaction from darkness to light. On this day, it is customary for girls, especially females, especially young ones , to go from house to house and have fun by singing Deusi,the tihar song.

4.Goru Tihar/ Govardhan Pooja(Worhiping The Bull):

It is celebrated on the fourth day of  Tihar, also known as Hal Tihar or Govardhan Puja,Tihar or Kartik Shukla Pratipada. On this day, it is customary to prepare flowers, abir, saffron, barley, sesame, incense, camphor, rice flour, etc., and give sweet food and flour to the bulls. It is worshiped in honor of the cow as a crop creature. Cattle and plowing brought a revolution in the development of agriculture and in the life of the people. That is why the bull must have been worshiped to pay the debt it has given to the people.

On this day, Hindus worship Govardhana in the courtyard of their house painted with cow dung and red soil in the shape of Govardhan mountain.

Govardhan Mountain  and Bull are worshiped with this Mantra (Chanting):

“गोवद्र्धन धराधार गोकुलत्राणकारक । कृष्णबाहुकृतच्छाय गवां कोटिप्रदो भव”

“बलिराज नमस्तुभ्यं दैत्यदानववन्दित । इन्द्रशत्रोडमराराते विष्णुसान्निध्यदो भव” 

According to traditional beliefs, Govardhana is a mountain near Gokul and Lord Krishna lived with the Gopals in Gokul. The Gopals used to worship Indra, the king of the gods, but they did not get anything from Indra. Krishna says that one day it is better to worship Govardhana mountain which gives minerals, grass, water and firewood than to worship Indra who does not give anything to the people of Gokul and everyone agrees to do the same and worship Govardhana mountain.

Angered by worshiping Govardhana mountain instead of himself, Indra rains hail and water on Gokul and Lord Krishna raises Govardhana mountain by hand to give shelter to all the people of Gokul and finally apologizes to Krishna for his defeat. It is said that Govardhana worship started from that time. Therefore, the words Govardhana, Gokul, Gopal explain the respect given to cows in the society of that time.The Newar community worships their ownself on this day. The main deity has been worshiped with the belief that if the soul is satisfied, the gods will be happy and all work will be successful.

Shankhadhar Sakhwa, a national icon, ruled Nepal in 880 AD. He had run the Nepal Samvat by freeing the people of Kathmandu from debt.In this way,  people exchange New Year’s greetings and celebrate various events in memory of Shankdhar Sakhwa.From this day on, men celebrate the festival by playing Deusi.

5.BhaiTika(Worshiping Brothers by Sisters):

This festival is celebrated with special enthusiasm and importance on the last day of Bhaitihar (Bhai Tika) festival or Yamapanchak i.e. Kartik Shukla Dwitiya. In this festival, there is a tradition of worshiping brother to sister and  sister to brother with special respect, feeding them sweets and foods , while brothers give various gifts to sisters.

We have a religious belief that Yamaraj stays in Yamuna’s house for five days of Yamapanchak. There is also a story of Indradi Dash Dikpal leaving his kingdom for King Bali during these five days. On the day of Bhai Tihar, worship of Kalash and Ganesha, invocation of Yamaraj, use of bimiro, okhar, oil, velvet garland, duboko tika, katus, etc., implies the wish of happiness, health and longevity of one’s sisters and brothers.

It is considered as a means of meeting brothers who have not met for a long time, removing the tension in the relationship and making the relationship more lasting.On the fifth day of Yamapanchaka, Bhaitika falls. It is customary for sisters to give betel leaves, betel nuts, flowers, etc. to their brothers on the eve of Bhaitika as an invitation. People believe that you should not eat anything without receiving Tika on the day of Bhaitika. On the day of tika, one should take a bath in the morning and worship Ashtchiranjeevi. Yamaraj, Hanuman, Vibhishan, Parashuram fall within the Ashta Chiranjeevi.

For preparation of Bhaitika, you need okhar, mustard oil, bimira, spices, velvet, dubo and centipede garlands, bread, sweet and savory dishes. First of all, Bimara is worshiped and after that of  worshiping Diyo, Kalash and Ganesha is done. Then, wishing for the well-being of the brothers, one should block the way of the God of Death by worshiping Okhar and Yamaraj at the door. Water and oil should block the seven sieges. Flowers, inviolability, sandalwood and lava should be worshiped and oil should be applied on the head of the brother.

Velvet, and dubo garlands worn by brothers on Bhaitika’s day have a special significance. Velvet never fades,   dubo always stays green.Sisters wishing success, health and longevity to their brothers. Yellow, blue, orange, white, green, red and black are applied in a straight line on the forehead. Peace is showered when emotions are mixed in Saptarangi Tika.

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Dashain i.e. Vijaya Dashami which is also known as Ayudh-Puja,is the biggest festival in Nepal and considered to be the national festival. Apart from Nepal, it is  celebrated  by the Hindu communities of the world, including India. Its actually do not have specific date. It can fall in the month of October or November depending on the “Saait”,the astrological determination.

According to mythology, this festival is celebrated to celebrate the victory of Lord Rama over Ravana by slaying a demon called Mahishasura, and the slaying of the giant Chanda-munda and Shumbha-nishumbha by Durga. Vijayadashami is celebrated as the last day of Durga Puja. Navratra, which starts from the day of Ghatsthapana, is celebrated on the last day of Ghatsthapana i.e. Vijayadashami in a lawful manner. Hindus worship various Shaktipithas from Ashwin Shukla Pratipada to Navami (throughout Navratri) and celebrating the tenth day of Vijayadashami by receiving Tika-prasad and blessings from their devotees till the full moon. According to the Navratra method, different deities and powers are worshiped every day till Navami by depositing in Ashwin Shukla Pratipada (Ghatsthapana).

What deities are to be worshiped during Navratri?

On the first day of Navratra starting from Pratipada, Shailaputri, on the second day Brahmacharyani, on the third day Chandraghanta, on the fourth day Kushmanda, on the fifth day Skandamata, on the sixth day Katsayani, on the seventh day Kalratri, on the eighth day Mahagauri, on the ninth day Siddhidatri are worshiped. Special worship of Durga and Trishakta Mahakali, Mahalaxmi and Mahasaraswati is done.

On the day of Vijayadashami, it is customary to receive red “Tika and Jamara” as offerings to Navdurga Bhavani on the occasion of Bhagwati’s victory over the demonic power and Rama’s victory over Ravan. The tenth day of Shukla Paksha in the month of Ashwin is the main day of this festival. According to religious accounts, Lord Rama killed Ravana on the same day. It is taken as the victory of truth over untruth. Therefore, this Dashmi is called Vijaya Dashmi. During this festival, people receive  Tika and Jamra and receive new blessings from their relatives and elders, eat and feed sweets according to their ability, keep the house, yard, roads, villages and settlements clean and tidy.

Religious and Mythological Beliefs

According to the Devi Bhagavata Mahapurana, Myrada Purushottam Shri Ram Chandra has completed the fast of Navratra and achieved victory over Ravana on the day of Dashmi. There, the nine days and nights of Ashwin Shukla Paksha are rendered as Navratravrat. The days of Navratra should not be shortened or extended as the days of this fast include rituals of certain dates and deities. The day of Pratipada is called Ghatsthapana. Navratri starts from this day. Gradually, this fast ends only in the morning on the day of Dashmi. On this day, after self-purification in the early  morning, people go to the river, stream, river banks  or any place where you can, bring clean sand or Panchamato, keep it in the tenth house or place of worship, and scatter barley or grain to preserve and produce Jamara . Barley or grain is considered an essential commodity for Vedic sacrifices.

Then Mahakali (annihilation), Mahalakshmi (protection) and Mahasaraswati (creation) are worshiped in the form of eternal power by climbing the leaves of Panchapallava in a water-filled urn. The nine durgas described according to the Brahmavaivarta Purana are: Prakriti-East, Chandika-South East, Bhadrakali-South, Sarvamangala-Northwest, Vaishnavi-North, Shivapriya-NorthWest, Jagdambika-Water, Land and Sky.

On the first day, Shailaputri, on the second day, Brahcharini, as well as Chandraghanta, Kusmanda, Skandamata, Katyayani, Kalratri, Mahagauri and Siddhidatri are worshiped.

Special function on the sixth day: The goddess is enlightened by applying oil and herbs on the branches of the vine.

Special function on the seventh day: Bhadrakali and Saraswati are worshiped. This is the day when “Dashain” is welcomed home.

Special function on Ashtami(8th Day): The tiger of Bhagwati’s ride is also worshiped by worshiping Kalratri. Khas Mashtapujak has a tradition of flying eagles. Weapons should also be worshiped.Animals like goat,he-goat,lamb etc are also sacrificed to Goddess Durga and Goddess Kali on this day.

Special function on Mahanavami(9th Day): Nine virgins are worshiped as Nava Durga and Aparajita Devi is worshiped on the morning of Dashmi. According to Hindu religion and culture, all the gods and goddesses Saptasagar, Saptadvipa, all the rivers and shrines are contained in the Ghat Kalash, which is mentioned in the Kali Purana.

In addition, Ghatkalash is found to be contained by the auspicious signs of Ashtamangal. According to Puran , Ghat Kalash is set up on tenth day tenth,Puja has to be  started by including all the deities, shrines, the holiest river channel, Sapt Sagar, Sapt Dwip etc. in it. There is a classical belief that planting wheat and barley sprouts will bring happiness, peace, prosperity and health benefits.

Special Function on Tenth Day(VijayaDashami): According to herbalists, even the incurable diseases can be cured by making the juice of the sprouted jamara left after worshiping for nine nights and receiving .Tika-prasad in the morning on the tenth day. Barley jam is called apothecary. If Jamara is placed on the forehead as a gift of Vijayadevi, the pain of the head and mental turmoil can be avoided. Jamra gives coolness.Various diseases and ailments are eradicated.

Sprouted grains provide vitamins, proteins, calcium, etc. It is considered to be very good for health. From this day till Navami, worship, adoration and prayers of Bhagwati Durga are performed in the homes of every Nepali and in the temples of the Goddess as on the first day. The Scriptures state that sacrifices must be offered every day after worship.

Specially These Days are Observed in Navaratri :

Seventh Day (Saptami)/Fulpati 

On the seventh day of Navratra, the process of bringing in nine types of Pallavas like bel leaves, rice husk, pomegranate, ginger plant, raw, sugarcane, banana etc. to the dashain house is called bringing in flowers. It is also believed that bringing new shoots into the house to welcome the end of the rainy season and autumn will get rid of various diseases. The offereing is taken to the place where Durga Puja is performed.In these nine leaves, Brahmani, Raktachandika, Lakshmi, Durga, Chamunda, Kalika, Shiva, Shokaharini and Karthiki are worshiped by invoking the sixteen items one by one respectively. On this day especially Mahasaraswati and books, copies, pens and masidani etc. are also worshiped.

On this day, the farmers go to the fields and worship the paddy with sandalwood, akshata and flowers and bring the rice ears and plants into the house. Also, on the same day, offereing(Fulpati) brought from Dashainghar of Gorkha Durbar are brought to Jamal, the capital of Kathmandu, and paraded and taken to Hanumandhoka Durbar.

Eighth Day (Ashtami)

On the eighth day of Navratri, special worship of Mahakali-Bhadrakali is performed. On this day, it is customary to worship the goddess Bhadrakali (who has millions of vaginal powers). According to Devi Bhagavata, this Bhadrakali is also said to have originated on this day to destroy the sacrifice of Daksha Prajapati. After worship, goats, chickens, ducks, calves, etc. are sacrificed to this goddess. These days, people offer sacrifices to their family gods, deities, and local deities. Vegetarians offer coconuts, cucumbers, bananas, gherkins, etc.The temple of Taleju Bhavani in Kathmandu is also open to the public on this day,which remains closed all other days in a year.

On the same day, in the main chowk of Dashainghar (Hanumandhoka), 54 bullocks and the same number of goats are sacrificed to Taleju Bhavani.. Many people from this day onwards worship the weapons used in agriculture and immerse themselves in Dashmi. There is a lot of discussion about weapons in the Vedas.

Shivaji and Rudra, the gods of the mountains, are all armed. Navdurga Bhagwati has weapons in all 18 hands. Worshiping weapons in honor of Bhagwati is scriptural. Hindus are non-violent, but when the enemy tries to destroy the nation, society and culture, they are ready to take up arms not only. Similarly, in various Durga temples of the country, along with pompous worship, sacrifices of buffalo and goats are also offered. About 1,300 buffalo  and 400 goats are sacrificed at the Ningalasheni temple, a major powerhouse in the far west.

Ninth Day(Nawami) & Tenth Day (Dashami)

On the ninth day of Navratri, Goddess Siddhidhatri is especially worshiped. On the same day, worship of Vishwakarma is also performed by sacrificing tools, weapons and vehicles in the morning. On this day, in addition to other poojas, especially  girls from two to ten years of age are also worshiped. Sacrifice means to give up work, anger, greed, lust, envy, jealousy, hatred, deceit, hypocrisy, these are the ten kinds of disorders that captures human soul from being free.

The person suffering from the disorder is full of lust, angry, greedy, fascinated, drunk and envious. The offerings of Nava Durga are meant to remove these vices and bring happiness, peace and prosperity. The symbol of work is Boka(He-goat) , the symbol of anger is Ranga(The Buffalo), the symbol of greed is Veda(Sheep) the symbol of Envy is chicken and duck. As a result of these representative characters, human beings develop sexuality, anger, greed, lust and arrogant malice.

It is a classical belief that such evil spirits should be taken to the temple of Nava Durga and offered. But people began to sacrifice those representative characters. Similarly, goats and bullocks are sacrificed in various Durga Bhagwati temples of the country. Around 100 bulls and 50 goats are being sacrificed at the Udayadeva temple, one of the major Shaktipiths in the far west.

There is a religious belief that no one can oppress (conquer) by doing so. After that, while reciting the following mantras, sprinkling sandalwood, akshata, flowers, apologizing, Durga Bhagwati and other deities should be immersed and picked up and kept elsewhere: Worship Chaiv Najanami Kshamyatan Parmeshwari. After this, the idols of the Goddess and the Navapatika are recited in Baja, Gaza or Vedic mantras and taken to the reservoir.

Then Bhagwati’s offerings is received by placing a rice grains  mixed with avir(red Color) and curd on her forehead and jamara on  head. Then the family goes to relatives and dignitaries to receive blessings.

The blessings main manta is :

“आयू द्रोणसुते श्रीयो दशरथे शत्रुक्षयं राघवे।
ऐश्वर्यं नहुषे गतिश्च पवने मानञ्च दुर्‍योधने।
दानं सूर्यसुते बलं हलधरे सत्यञ्च कुन्तीसुते।
विज्ञानं विदुरे भवन्तु भवतां कीर्तिश्च नारायणे ॥”

Meaning, Longevity of life like Dronaputra Asvatthama,who is believed still to be alive after million years in Hindus myth, Get wealth like Dasharatha Raja,the richest king. Destruction of enemies like Lord Rama’s enemies are destroyed, Aishwarya like Nahus Raja,he was famous and most praised king. Dynamism like Pavanpurtra Hanuman,the god of Strength. value like Duryadhana,who was praised and respected by all.Valor like Suryaputra Karna,who was the biggest and greatest warrior in Hinduism, strength like Balaram,Truth and dedication like Kunthi’s son,the five Pandavs.Blessings are taken from the devotees so that you may attain such knowledge and fame as Lord Narayana.

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A ‘vegetable’ that has made Nepal an internationally recognized dish.” where Nepalis reach, Gundruk also reaches!”is the popular saying . Historians link Gundruk’s ‘origin’ to the wars that took place during the unification of Nepal.When King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha attacked Kirtipur for the first time, there was a lot of greenery in the fields of the people of Kirtipur. The Kirtipurs were not able to pick greens, the Gorkhalis attacked.

After the attack on them, the people of Kirtipur also had to retaliate. In the absence of sufficient military power, all the women and children of Kirtipur had to take part in the war. Fearing that outsiders would come and steal food and vegetables when they went to war, the people of Kirtipur devised a plan – to go to war by filling vegetables with food in a ditch!After that, everyone picked up the greens and filled them in the pit.

When they returned from the battle, they all dug a hole and took out the hidden food.Among the food items taken out, grains including rice could be cooked. However, the hidden greens melted in the pit and became useless.The people of Kirtipur ate rice and bread without vegetables to satisfy their hunger for a few days. But, after a few days, vegetables were needed.

Historians link Gundruk’s ‘origin’ to the wars that took place during the unification of Nepal.When King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha attacked Kirtipur for the first time, there was a lot of greenery in the fields of the people of Kirtipur. The Kirtipurs were not able to pick greens, the Gorkhalis attacked .After the attack on them, the people of Kirtipur also had to retaliate. In the absence of sufficient military power, all the women and children of Kirtipur had to take part in the war. Fearing that outsiders would come and steal food and vegetables when they went to war, the people of Kirtipur devised a plan – to go to war by filling vegetables with food in a ditch

The greens taken out of the pit were scattered in the fields and kept there. The greens, which had become useless after being placed in the pit, were thrown in the field and dried by the sun. Later, some people picked the same dried greens from their fields and started cooking them.Slightly sour, but very sweet-tasting dried greens (vegetables) became popular all over Kirtipur. In time, its name remained Gundruk. Which has now become a fundamental dish of ordinary Nepalis.

Methods for making ‘Gundruk’

• Wash spinach with clean water and check the damage part of it to avoid contamination
• Remove excess water .You dont need to dry it completely
• Chop it roughly but this step is optional
• In a single layer ,lay the leaves on the tray
• Make the leaves completely dehydrated for 6 hour
• Keep it in the tighen jar or Big bottels

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