This atom trapped in an optical cavity distorts the lattice. It Is this distortion that interacts with the photon. However, an external magnetic field can be used to make the distortion and take i lake several different energy levels. These changes the way the phonon interacts in a way hat processes the information l carries. Finally, the phonon passes into another region of the silicon lattice with a band gap that has been engineered to convert the phonon into a photon, which can their be measured and calibrated to Our desired impulse or information. That sounds like a good plan. So the Only question is over the feasibility of the design for quantum phonon dynamics. T he difficulty, of course, will be building this thing, Which as the University say will be seminal achievement. This is  a beautiful demonstration of controlling matter at the atomic Scale to make a real device, isn’t it?

Fifty years ago when the first transistor was developed, 10 one could have predicted the role that Computers Would play in our society today. As we transition to atomic-scale devices, We are now entering a new paradigm where quantum mechanics promises a similar techno Logical disruption. Researchers are Working to build a single-atom transistor as a first step to the development of a quantum computer that works by Controlling the electrons and quantum information, or quits. The atom sits in a well or channel, and for it to operate as a transistor the electrons must stay in that channel, which seems to be a major challenge as at higher temperatures, the electrons move more and go outside of the channel. For this atom to act like a metal you have to contain the electrons to the channel. II someone develops a technique to contain the electrons, this technique could be used to build a computer that would work at room temperature.

But this is a fundamental challenge for this technology. Although definitions can vary, simply stated Moore’s Law holds that the number of transistors that can be placed on a processor will double approximately every 18 months. The latest Intel chip, the ‘Sandy Bridge, uses a manufacturing process to place 2.3 billion transistors 32 phosphorus atom, by comparison, is Just 0.1 nano meters across, which would significantly reduce the size of processors made using this technique, although it may be many years before single-atom processors actually are manufactured. But once technology gets there a critical nano meters apart.A single question might be “Is Single-Atom Transistor an End of Moore’s Law and May Be Beginning of Quantum Computing?” Futurist sees the future advance of computing to so Small a size that the housing for the Computer itself is almost zero.

Computers used to take up entire rooms, then whole desktops, laps, and palms came along, and now to micro- chip sized casings and atom-powered transistors invisible to the naked eye. No is willing to be titled as a zero in terms of intelligence, but having a zero-sized intelligence in computing means packing a whole lot of brains in a tiny, tiny package. We’ll be watching with interest to see how it pans out.

The second generation, 2G, was commercially launched for the GSM standard in 1991 by Radiolinja, currentlyy known as Elisa Oyi, in Finland. It is most widely used standard throughout the world till now.The main features of 2G networks are

1)Digitally encrypted signals. Enhanced data rates and greater privacy.

2)TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD.

3) Two revisions or additions to this generation are sometimes referred to 2.5G and 2.75G. The combined

Short Messaging Service (SMS).

introduction of GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and the usage of CDMAone networks collectively came to be known as 2.5G. GPRS provided data transfer rates from 56-115kbit/s. So, services like WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and MMS (Multimedia Message Service) were introduced.

The third generation, 3G, was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan, in 2001. Although initially limited in scope, it was a leap forward. 3G used completely different radio frequencies from 20, so it required different equipment to achieve the new high data transfer rates. Also, the enormous costs of additional spectrum licensing fees delayed the introduction of 3G in many countries. The main features are: 1) 2) 3) 4) As with 2G, minor evolution of the standards resulted in 3.5G and 3.75G. Again, these standards allowed for higher data transfer rates, exceeding 2Mbits/s, reaching about 14Mbits/s. The next generation, 4G mobile phones are all set to provide data transfer rates of 100Mbit/s to 1Gbit/s, which is mind boggling, to say the least. Such speeds are not even present in wired networks commercially. 3G has already been launched in Nepal. Nepal Telecom became the first to do so in South Asia. Nepal Telecom is proving the service in pre paid and post paid SIMs. But to access these services, a 3G compatible mobile phone is required. 3G is the current generation of mobile .Data transfer rates are 384kbits/s to 2Mbits/s.Video calls, video conferencing facilities. Mobile TV, online gaming. Greater security and privacy,telecommunication standards. There are a bunch of technologies that fall under 3G, like WCDMA, EV- DO, and HSPA and others.

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2008, the ITU-R Organization specified the IMT-Advanced(International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users). A 4G system is expected to provide a Comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless modems, smart phones, and other mobile devices. Facilities such as ultra- broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided tousers. PRE-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and Long Term Evolution (LTE) have been on the market since 2006 and 2009 respectively, and are often branded as 4G. In contrast to the circuit-switched modal of previous  mobile systems, LTE has been designed to support only packet-switched services. Its aim to provide seamless IP connectivity between user equipment (UE) and packet data network (PDN) without any disruption to the end user applications during mobility.