Linking Words र Cohesion (Coherence & Cohesion)
सिक्ने लक्ष्य
- Coherence र Cohesion बीचको फरक बुझ्न।
- Addition, contrast, cause–effect, example र sequence का linking words सही grammar र punctuation सहित प्रयोग गर्न।
- Referencing (this, these, it, the former) र synonym प्रयोग गरेर दोहोरिनबाट बच्न।
- Linker को mechanical (अति) प्रयोग पहिचान गरेर हटाउन।
मुख्य व्याख्या
Coherence र Cohesion के हो?
Coherence भनेको विचारको तार्किक क्रम हो: पाठकले सजिलै बुझ्ने गरी विचार मिलाएर राख्नु, हरेक paragraph को एउटा स्पष्ट मुख्य विचार हुनु।
Cohesion भनेको वाक्य र विचारलाई जोड्ने भाषिक साधन हो: linking words, pronoun, synonym र referencing।
उदाहरण: एउटा घरको नक्सा (coherence) र इँटा जोड्ने सिमेन्ट (cohesion)। सिमेन्ट मात्र धेरै हालेर घर राम्रो बन्दैन; नक्सा पनि सही चाहिन्छ। Writing मा “Coherence & Cohesion” एउटा पूरै criterion हो; Speaking मा coherence “Fluency & Coherence” criterion भित्र पर्छ।
Linking words का समूह
| काम | वाक्य जोड्ने (sentence linker) | Clause भित्र | Noun/-ing अघि |
|---|---|---|---|
| Addition | Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, | and, as well as | In addition to, Apart from |
| Contrast | However, Nevertheless, On the other hand, | but, although, whereas, while | Despite, In spite of |
| Cause | — | because, since, as | because of, due to, owing to |
| Result | Therefore, As a result, Consequently, | so | — |
| Example | For example, For instance, | such as | such as |
| Sequence | Firstly, Secondly, Finally, Subsequently, | then, after which | After, Before, Following |
Grammar र punctuation नियम
- However नयाँ वाक्य सुरु गर्छ र पछि comma लिन्छ: Cars are convenient. However, they cause pollution.
- Although एउटै वाक्यका दुई clause जोड्छ, र “but” सँग सँगै आउँदैन: Although cars are convenient, they cause pollution.
- Despite पछि noun वा -ing आउँछ, clause होइन: Despite being convenient, cars cause pollution.
- Because पछि clause, because of पछि noun: “because it rained” / “because of the rain”।
- Such as पछि उदाहरणको noun मात्र: “fruits such as mangoes”; पूरा वाक्य चाहिए “For example,” प्रयोग गर्नुहोस्।
Linking words बाहेकका cohesion साधन
राम्रो cohesion linker मा मात्र निर्भर हुँदैन। यी साधनले लेखनलाई स्वाभाविक बनाउँछन्:
- Referencing: अघिल्लो विचारलाई this, these, it, they, such ले जनाउने। Many students work part-time. This can affect their grades.
- The former / the latter: दुई कुराको पहिलो र दोस्रो।
- Synonym: “car” दोहोर्याउनुको सट्टा “vehicle”, “private transport”।
- Substitution: “do so”, “one”: Some people recycle, but many fail to do so.
Mechanical linking: अति प्रयोगको समस्या
हरेक वाक्य “Moreover”, “Furthermore”, “Additionally” बाट सुरु गर्नु Band 5–6 को सामान्य लक्षण हो। Linker तब मात्र राख्नुहोस् जब त्यसले वाक्यबीचको सम्बन्ध (थप, विरोध, कारण) साँच्चै देखाउँछ। धेरै वाक्यहरू referencing वा विचारको स्वाभाविक क्रमले नै जोडिन सक्छन्।
महत्वपूर्ण परिभाषा
- Coherence: विचारको तार्किक संगठन र स्पष्ट paragraphing।
- Cohesion: वाक्यलाई जोड्ने भाषिक साधन (linker, pronoun, synonym)।
- Cohesive device: cohesion ल्याउने कुनै पनि शब्द वा phrase।
- Referencing: अघि भनिएको कुरालाई pronoun वा determiner ले जनाउनु।
- Mechanical linking: अर्थको आवश्यकता बिना linker थुपार्नु।
उदाहरण
Linker अति प्रयोग बनाम स्वाभाविक cohesion
कमजोर:
Firstly, online learning is cheap. Moreover, it is flexible. Furthermore, students can study at home. Additionally, they can watch videos again. In addition, it saves travel time.
सुधारिएको:
The main attraction of online learning is its flexibility. Students can study at home at any time and replay recorded lessons as often as they need. This also saves them the time and money they would otherwise spend travelling to classes.
दोस्रोमा linker कम छन्, तर “This also saves…” ले referencing मार्फत विचार जोडेको छ र विचार समूहमा मिलाइएको छ।
पूरा नमुना: Academic Task 1 (cohesive device bold गरिएको)
The chart shows the average number of hours per week that people in four age groups spent on social media, reading and exercise.
| Age group | Social media | Reading | Exercise |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16–24 | 14 | 3 | 5 |
| 25–44 | 9 | 4 | 4 |
| 45–64 | 5 | 6 | 3 |
| 65+ | 2 | 9 | 3 |
The bar chart compares the average amount of time per week that people in four age groups spent on social media, reading and exercise.
Overall, time spent on social media fell with age, whereas reading followed the opposite pattern. Exercise, by contrast, varied relatively little between the groups.
The youngest group, those aged 16 to 24, spent 14 hours a week on social media, which was far more than any other group. This figure dropped to 9 hours for people aged 25 to 44 and then to just 2 hours for those over 65. Reading, on the other hand, rose steadily from 3 hours among the youngest people to 9 hours in the oldest group. This meant that people aged 65 and over spent more than four times as long reading as using social media.
As for exercise, the 16–24 group was the most active, at 5 hours per week. However, this fell slightly to 4 hours for the 25–44 group, while the two older groups each exercised for 3 hours.
विश्लेषण: यहाँ linker (whereas, however) मात्र होइन, referencing (This figure, those, this) र noun phrase (the two older groups) ले पनि cohesion ल्याएका छन्। हरेक paragraph को एउटा विषय छ: overview, social media र reading, exercise।
शब्दभण्डार
| Linker | अर्थ | सावधानी |
|---|---|---|
| whereas | जबकि (तुलना) | दुई तथ्यको भिन्नता देखाउन |
| nevertheless | तैपनि | प्रायः वाक्यको सुरुमा, पछि comma सहित |
| consequently | फलस्वरूप | साँच्चै कारण–परिणाम हुँदा मात्र |
| owing to | …का कारण | पछि noun आउँछ |
| in spite of | …को बाबजुद | “in spite of” (of सहित) |
| the latter | पछिल्लो (दुईमध्ये) | दुई कुरा मात्र भएमा |
| as for | …को सन्दर्भमा | नयाँ विषयमा सर्दा |
सामान्य गल्ती
- Although … but: “Although it was raining, but we went out.” ✗ → “Although it was raining, we went out.” ✓
- Despite + clause: “Despite it was expensive” ✗ → “Despite the high price” वा “Although it was expensive” ✓
- On the contrary को गलत प्रयोग: दुई पक्षको तुलना गर्न “On the other hand” चाहिन्छ। “On the contrary” ले अघिल्लो कथन गलत हो भन्छ।
- Also, And सुरुमा: formal essay मा “Also,” “And,” ले वाक्य सुरु गर्नुभन्दा “In addition,” राम्रो।
- Last but not the least: सही रूप “last but not least” हो, र essay मा यो cliché नै हो।
- Paragraph नछुट्याउनु: पूरै उत्तर एउटै block मा लेख्दा coherence मा सीधा असर पर्छ।
सारांश
- Coherence = विचारको तार्किक क्रम; Cohesion = तिनलाई जोड्ने भाषा।
- However/Therefore नयाँ वाक्य सुरु गर्छन्; although/because clause जोड्छन्; despite/because of पछि noun।
- Referencing र synonym ले linker भन्दा पनि स्वाभाविक cohesion ल्याउँछन्।
- हरेक वाक्यमा linker राख्नु कमजोरी हो; अर्थ अनुसार मात्र प्रयोग गर्नुहोस्।
- एक paragraph = एक मुख्य विचार।
नमस्ते! पाठ्यक्रम, सामान्य ज्ञान, भाषा परीक्षा वा कुनै प्रश्नको उत्तर बुझ्न सोध्नुहोस्।
AI ले गल्ती गर्न सक्छ। महत्वपूर्ण कुरा आधिकारिक स्रोतमा जाँच्नुहोस्।