प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology MCQ

प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी: प्रश्न र उत्तर

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सही: ० / ०

1. A post-mortem examination of an infant reveals the presence of characteristic 'drumstick' shaped spores within macrophages in various organs. The infant was exposed to a teratogen during gestation. Which condition is MOST likely responsible for this finding?

   कA. Pneumocystis pneumonia खB. Bacterial sepsis गC. Histoplasmosis घD. Measles
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2. A 65-year-old male presents with symptoms of hypothyroidism, including weight gain, constipation, and cold intolerance. Blood tests confirm low thyroid hormone levels. Which of the following medications is MOST likely to have caused this adverse effect?

   कA. Metformin खB. Amiodarone गC. Methimazole घD. Lisinopril
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3. A biopsy reveals extensive infiltration of neutrophils into the lung parenchyma accompanied by alveolar hemorrhage and hyaline membranes. The patient has a history of recent influenza infection. What is the primary pathological diagnosis?

   कA. Pneumocystis pneumonia खB. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) गC. Tuberculosis घD. Aspergillosis
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4. A patient presents with a rapidly progressive neurological syndrome characterized by purpura fulminans, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and renal failure. Histological examination reveals fibrin thrombi in small blood vessels throughout various organs. Which microbiological etiology is MOST likely?

   कA. Streptococcus pneumoniae खB. Staphylococcus aureus गC. Escherichia coli घD. Candida albicans
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5. A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of hypothyroidism. Which biochemical marker would be MOST indicative of this condition?

   कA. Elevated levels of free thyroxine (FT4). खB. Decreased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). गC. Increased levels of triiodothyronine (T3) in the serum. घD. Elevated levels of reverse T3 (rT3).
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6. Which of the following pharmacological interventions is MOST effective in preventing the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) by directly inhibiting platelet aggregation?

   कA. Warfarin – a vitamin K antagonist that reduces clotting factors production. खB. Heparin – an anticoagulant that inhibits thrombin activation. गC. Aspirin – which irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase, reducing thromboxane A2 synthesis. घD. Clopidogrel – a thienopyridine antiplatelet drug that blocks ADP receptors.
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7. A physician suspects a patient has Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Which of the following microscopic features would MOST reliably support this diagnosis?

   कA. Roundworm larvae within alveolar spaces. खB. Pear-shaped cysts containing septae and multiple trophozoe forms within alveolar spaces. गC. Giant acidophilic granulocytes infiltrating lung tissue. घD. Calcified masses formed by fungal hyphae within the lungs.
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8. A patient presents with severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever following exposure to contaminated water. Laboratory analysis reveals the presence of *Salmonella* species. Which of the following pathological findings would MOST likely be observed in this case?

   कA. Massive fibrin deposition throughout the intestinal mucosa indicating acute inflammatory response. खB. Extensive ulceration of the mucosal lining with significant loss of villi, indicative of viral infection. गC. Crypt abscesses and increased leukocyte infiltration within the intestinal crypts, a hallmark of *Salmonella* infection. घD. Formation of characteristic amyloid deposits in the lamina propria due to systemic immune activation.
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9. Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) infection?

   कA. Direct invasion of host cells by Mycobacterium tuberculosis followed by systemic dissemination. खB. Initial colonization of macrophages in the lungs, leading to granuloma formation and localized tissue destruction. गC. Rapid proliferation within blood vessels causing widespread organ damage. घD. Primarily transmitted through contaminated water sources resulting in gastrointestinal infection.
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10. Which of the following features is characteristic of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)? A. Presence of granulomas with epithelioid cells B. Thickening of alveolar septa due to hyaline thrombi C. Central necrosis within alveoli, often with surrounding lymphocyte infiltrate D. Formation of amyloid deposits in lung tissue

    कA. Presence of granulomas with epithelioid cells खB. Thickening of alveolar septa due to hyaline thrombi गC. Central necrosis within alveoli, often with surrounding lymphocyte infiltrate घD. Formation of amyloid deposits in lung tissue
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