आधारभूत विज्ञान (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry) – Basic Sciences MCQ
आधारभूत विज्ञान (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry) – MD/MS प्रवेश
Basic Sciences · MECEE-PG – MD/MS/MDS Entrance · ४३३ प्रश्न
४३३ प्रश्न उपलब्ध। मोड छान्नुहोस्:
आधारभूत विज्ञान (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry): प्रश्न र उत्तर
सही लागेको विकल्पमा थिच्नुहोस्। सही भए हरियो, गलत भए रातो देखिन्छ; ३ सेकेन्डपछि सही उत्तर र व्याख्या देखिन्छ।
सही: ० / ०
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Renin is secreted by the:
सही उत्तर: ग) Juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole
Juxtaglomerular (granular) cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole that secrete renin. The macula densa senses tubular NaCl and signals the JG cells, but does not secrete renin itself.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct by acting on:
सही उत्तर: ग) V2 receptors, inserting aquaporin-2 channels
ADH binds V2 receptors on principal cells, raising cAMP and inserting aquaporin-2 into the luminal membrane. V1 receptors mediate vasoconstriction, and aldosterone acts via mineralocorticoid receptors on ENaC.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Central chemoreceptors in the medulla are stimulated mainly by:
सही उत्तर: ग) A rise in H+ concentration of the surrounding CSF/interstitial fluid
CO2 diffuses across the blood–brain barrier and forms H+ in CSF, which stimulates central chemoreceptors; this drives most of normal ventilation. Hypoxia is sensed by peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which lung volume cannot be measured by simple spirometry?
सही उत्तर: ख) Residual volume
Residual volume remains in the lungs after maximal expiration and never leaves the lungs, so it needs helium dilution, nitrogen washout or body plethysmography. Consequently FRC and total lung capacity also cannot be measured by simple spirometry.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by:
सही उत्तर: ख) Type II alveolar cells
Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant (mainly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine), which lowers surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse. Type I cells are thin cells that form most of the gas-exchange surface.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following shifts the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
सही उत्तर: घ) Increased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
A right shift (lower affinity, easier unloading) is caused by increased 2,3-BPG, H+ (acidosis), PCO2 and temperature. Alkalosis and low PCO2 shift the curve to the left, as does fetal haemoglobin.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The Frank–Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume increases with an increase in:
सही उत्तर: क) End-diastolic volume (preload)
Greater end-diastolic filling stretches myocardial fibres toward optimal overlap, increasing force of contraction and stroke volume. Increased afterload, in contrast, tends to reduce stroke volume.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure curve is produced by:
सही उत्तर: घ) Closure of the aortic valve
When ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure, brief backflow closes the aortic valve and creates the incisura (dicrotic notch). It also coincides with the second heart sound (A2).
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The plateau phase (phase 2) of the ventricular muscle action potential is mainly due to:
सही उत्तर: ख) Influx of calcium through L-type channels
During phase 2, slow inward Ca2+ current through L-type channels balances outward K+ current, producing the plateau. Phase 0 (rapid upstroke) is due to fast Na+ influx.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy young adult is approximately:
सही उत्तर: क) 125 mL/min
Normal GFR is about 125 mL/min (about 180 L/day). Renal plasma flow is about 650 mL/min and renal blood flow about 1200 mL/min, giving a filtration fraction near 20%.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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