प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology MCQ
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – MD/MS प्रवेश
Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology · MECEE-PG – MD/MS/MDS Entrance · ४०८ प्रश्न
४०८ प्रश्न उपलब्ध। मोड छान्नुहोस्:
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी: प्रश्न र उत्तर
सही लागेको विकल्पमा थिच्नुहोस्। सही भए हरियो, गलत भए रातो देखिन्छ; ३ सेकेन्डपछि सही उत्तर र व्याख्या देखिन्छ।
सही: ० / ०
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A patient undergoes chemotherapy with intravenous cyclophosphamide. Post-treatment, they develop severe hemorrhagic cystitis. Which of the following medications would be MOST appropriate as an adjunct therapy to mitigate this adverse effect? A. Acetaminophen B. Mesalamine C. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers D. Sodium cromoglycate
सही उत्तर: ग) C. Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers
Cyclophosphamide is known to cause hemorrhagic cystitis through its mechanism of action as a nitrogen mustard, leading to DNA damage and cellular cytotoxicity. Mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid) helps protect against cyclophosphamide-induced bladder injury by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Options A (acetaminophen), C (dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers), and D (sodium cromoglycate) have no established role in preventing this specific adverse effect.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The administration of heparin can lead to significant bleeding complications. Which of the following medications would be considered the primary antidote in managing heparin overdose? A. Vitamin K B. Protamine sulfate C. Erythromycin D. Penicillin
सही उत्तर: ख) B. Protamine sulfate
Protamine sulfate is a potent anticoagulant that directly neutralizes the effects of heparin by binding to it and preventing its interaction with platelet factor 4, thereby reversing the anticoagulation process. Option A (Vitamin K) has no specific role in reversing heparin overdose, option C (Erythromycin) is an antibiotic, and option D (Penicillin) is also an antibiotic.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with microcytic anemia, angular stomatitis, and palpitations. Laboratory tests reveal serum ferritin levels are markedly decreased. Which of the following findings would MOST likely be observed on bone marrow examination? A. Increased erythroid precursors B. Megaloblastic changes C. Iron granules within erythrocytes D. Myelodysplasia
सही उत्तर: घ) D. Myelodysplasia
Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by the presence of iron granules within erythrocytes (iron corpuscles), which are visible on bone marrow examination. Option A (increased erythroid precursors) is seen in conditions like polycythemia, option B (megaloblastic changes) is associated with vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, and option D (myelodysplasia) represents a spectrum of disorders with abnormal blood cell production.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following histological features is MOST characteristic of bacterial pneumonia? A. Presence of amyloid deposits in alveolar walls B. Granulomatous inflammation with epithelioid cells C. Neutrophilic infiltration and alveolar consolidation D. Hyaline membrane formation
सही उत्तर: ग) C. Neutrophilic infiltration and alveolar consolidation
Neutrophilic infiltration and alveolar consolidation are the hallmark features of bacterial pneumonia, reflecting the acute inflammatory response to infection. Option A (amyloid) is seen in conditions like amyloidosis, option B (granulomas) is associated with tuberculosis or fungal infections, and option D (hyaline membranes) is characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The initiator caspase of the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway of apoptosis is Bim. This caspase is activated by cytochrome c release from mitochondria and triggers a cascade leading to programmed cell death.
सही उत्तर: ग) C) Bim
Bim (Bcl-2 Independent Cell Death) plays the central role in initiating mitochondrial apoptosis. Caspase-8 is involved in the extrinsic pathway, and caspase-9 functions in the apoptosome.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with dyspnea and edema following intravenous administration of digoxin. Which cellular process does digoxin primarily inhibit to cause this effect?
सही उत्तर: घ) Calcium influx.
Digoxin's primary mechanism of action involves inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, which indirectly reduces intracellular calcium levels by blocking the sodium current required for its function. This subsequently decreases cardiac contractility and results in symptoms like dyspnea and edema.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following describes a key feature of amyloid deposition seen under polarized light after staining with Congo red?
सही उत्तर: क) Green birefringence.
Amyloid fibrils have an ordered structure that produces characteristic apple-green birefringence when viewed through a polarizing filter and stained with Congo red. This is due to the interference of polarized light within the ordered structure of the amyloid deposits. The other options represent different staining reactions or birefringence patterns.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A microbiology lab is examining a sample from a patient suspected of having pneumonia. Gram staining reveals the presence of short, plump bacilli. Which organism would this most strongly suggest?
सही उत्तर: क) Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is frequently characterized by its Gram-positive cocci morphology and short, plump bacilli shape on Gram stain when actively replicating in a sample. The other options are typically Gram-negative organisms with different morphologies.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with severe skin rash, fever, and joint pain following exposure to penicillin. This condition is most likely indicative of:
सही उत्तर: ग) Serum sickness.
Serum sickness represents a hypersensitivity reaction to foreign proteins, commonly triggered by beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillin. The symptoms align precisely with the classic presentation of serum sickness, differentiating it from autoimmune diseases listed as options.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the action of penicillin?
सही उत्तर: ख) Binding to ribosomes and disrupting protein synthesis.
Penicillin’s primary mechanism involves binding to transpeptidases (also known as penicillin-binding proteins or PBPs), enzymes crucial in bacterial cell wall synthesis. This prevents crosslinking of peptidoglycans, leading to a weakened and ultimately disintegrated cell wall. The other options describe alternative antibacterial mechanisms.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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