प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology MCQ
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – MD/MS प्रवेश
Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology · MECEE-PG – MD/MS/MDS Entrance · ४०८ प्रश्न
४०८ प्रश्न उपलब्ध। मोड छान्नुहोस्:
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी: प्रश्न र उत्तर
सही लागेको विकल्पमा थिच्नुहोस्। सही भए हरियो, गलत भए रातो देखिन्छ; ३ सेकेन्डपछि सही उत्तर र व्याख्या देखिन्छ।
सही: ० / ०
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Which of the following hematological findings is MOST characteristic of iron deficiency anemia? (a) Elevated serum ferritin levels (b) Increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (c) Pancytopenia with leukoerythrocytosis (d) Normal peripheral blood smear with no abnormalities
सही उत्तर: क) (a) Elevated serum ferritin levels
Elevated serum ferritin is a hallmark of iron deficiency anemia. The body attempts to compensate for low iron stores by producing more ferritin, which is then released into the circulation. Options (b), (c) and (d) represent other conditions or normal findings, making elevated ferritin the most specific indicator.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with a history of chronic liver disease and demonstrates amyloid deposition in his kidney biopsy. What is the most likely underlying etiology for this finding? (A) Alcoholic hepatitis. (B) Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). (C) Primary Amyloidosis. (D) Viral Hepatitis.
सही उत्तर: घ) (D) Viral Hepatitis.
Primary amyloidosis (AL amyloid) is characterized by the production of abnormal amyloid proteins and is frequently associated with plasma cell dyscrasias like multiple myeloma, which can manifest as kidney amyloid deposits. The other conditions listed don't typically cause primary amyloid deposition.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following describes the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy? (A) Chronic inflammation caused by immune cell infiltration. (B) Microvascular thrombosis leading to tissue ischemia. (C) Hyperglycemia-induced angiogenesis and vascular leakage. (D) Autoimmune attack against retinal capillaries.
सही उत्तर: घ) (D) Autoimmune attack against retinal capillaries.
Hyperglycemia drives the key pathological processes of diabetic retinopathy: increased vascular permeability, neovascularization (angiogenesis), and ultimately microvascular damage due to ischemia. Inflammation is secondary; thrombosis and autoimmunity aren't central to the disease's initiation.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient is diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. Which of the following pharmacological interventions would be most effective in reducing further pancreatic damage? (A) Administration of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. (B) Concurrent administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics to combat infection. (C) Initiation of intravenous somatostatin to inhibit digestive enzyme secretion. (D) Application of topical cooling pads to lower pancreatic temperature.
सही उत्तर: ग) (C) Initiation of intravenous somatostatin to inhibit digestive enzyme secretion.
Somatostatin directly inhibits the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, which is a primary mechanism causing damage in acute pancreatitis. Corticosteroids and antibiotics have limited efficacy, and lowering temperature isn't effective as a pharmaceutical intervention.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a severe bacterial infection. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of lipase and amylase in the serum. Which of the following microbial mechanisms is most likely responsible for this clinical presentation? (A) Production of exotoxins by Staphylococcus aureus. (B) Bacterial invasion and enzymatic degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (C) Release of endotoxin by Escherichia coli. (D) Formation of biofilms by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
सही उत्तर: ग) (C) Release of endotoxin by Escherichia coli.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known for its ability to produce lipases that degrade lipids, leading to elevated serum lipase and amylase levels. Endotoxins cause systemic inflammation but don't directly elevate these enzymes. Staphylococcus aureus produces exotoxins, not lipases, and biofilms aren't a primary cause of this enzyme elevation.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The presence of ‘ground glass’ appearance on chest CT scans is frequently seen in pulmonary infections. Which of the following microorganisms is MOST commonly associated with this finding?
सही उत्तर: ग) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
‘Ground glass’ appearance on chest CT scans represents alveolar filling with amorphous material, most frequently due to granulomatous inflammation from *M. tuberculosis*. The other organisms listed typically present with different imaging and histopathological patterns.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exhibits proteinuria and cylindruria. Which histological feature within the glomerulus is MOST likely to be found in this case?
सही उत्तर: ग) Endothelial cell swelling
Subepithelial humps are characteristic of immune complex-mediated glomerular injury, a hallmark of SLE. These humps result from deposition of complement components and antibodies beneath the epithelial cells. While other findings can occur in glomerulonephritis, subepithelial humps are most strongly associated with SLE’s pathogenesis.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following pharmacological mechanisms is primarily responsible for the therapeutic effect of penicillin in bacterial infections?
सही उत्तर: ख) Disruption of cell membrane integrity
Penicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), leading to a weakened cell wall and ultimately cell lysis. This directly disrupts cell membrane integrity. Inhibition of DNA synthesis is the mechanism of action for other antibiotics such as tetracycline.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with extensive fungal pneumonia exhibiting septate hyphae on microscopic examination. Which of the following organisms is most likely responsible for this infection?
सही उत्तर: ग) Aspergillus fumigatus
Septate hyphae are a key characteristic of *Aspergillus* species. These fungi commonly cause invasive pulmonary infections. *S. pneumoniae*, *C. albicans*, and *H. influenzae* do not typically exhibit this morphology.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following pathological findings is most strongly associated with chronic granulomatous disease?
सही उत्तर: क) Granulomas with giant cells
Chronic granulomatous disease is characterized by the inability of neutrophils to perform oxidative killing of microbes. This leads to excessive formation of granulomas containing giant cells, which are a hallmark of this condition. The other options represent features associated with different immune deficiencies or conditions.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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