प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology MCQ
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – MD/MS प्रवेश
Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology · MECEE-PG – MD/MS/MDS Entrance · ४०८ प्रश्न
४०८ प्रश्न उपलब्ध। मोड छान्नुहोस्:
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी: प्रश्न र उत्तर
सही लागेको विकल्पमा थिच्नुहोस्। सही भए हरियो, गलत भए रातो देखिन्छ; ३ सेकेन्डपछि सही उत्तर र व्याख्या देखिन्छ।
सही: ० / ०
-
Which of the following pathological conditions primarily involves chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the alveoli, leading to impaired gas exchange?
सही उत्तर: ग) Pulmonary Fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis is defined as a disease characterized by scarring and thickening of lung tissue due to long-term inflammation. The other options represent acute inflammatory processes with different mechanisms, whereas pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic pathological change.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
-
A patient is diagnosed with pneumonia following influenza infection. Histological examination of lung tissue reveals numerous neutrophils engulfed by macrophages, accompanied by signs of epithelial cell damage. Which of the following mechanisms BEST explains this observed pathology in 2076?\n(a) Viral replication within alveolar cells\n(b) Overstimulation of the complement cascade\n(c) Excessive release of cytokines from immune cells\n(d) Direct viral invasion of endothelial cells
सही उत्तर: घ) (d) Direct viral invasion of endothelial cells
The observed pathology – neutrophils and macrophage engulfment, epithelial damage – is characteristic of a severe inflammatory response to viral pneumonia. The excessive release of cytokines (like IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha) drives neutrophil recruitment and inflammation. Options (a), (b) and (d) represent other potential mechanisms in viral infection but don't fully explain the described tissue damage.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
-
A dermatologist observes characteristic 'psammoma bodies' during the examination of a patient with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. What is the MOST likely underlying pathological process leading to their formation in 2075?\n(a) Excessive lipid deposition\n(b) Calcium phosphate crystal deposition\n(c) Bacterial biofilm accumulation\n(d) Reactive mesothelial cell proliferation
सही उत्तर: ख) (b) Calcium phosphate crystal deposition
Psammoma bodies are calcified nodules, typically composed of calcium phosphate crystals. They're strongly associated with chronic inflammatory processes and ulceration, particularly in the gut where they form as a result of tissue necrosis and repair, leading to crystal deposition. Options (a), (c) and (d) are less directly related to their formation.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
-
Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the selective toxicity of Vancomycin against Gram-positive bacteria in 2077?\n(a) Inhibition of bacterial DNA replication\n(b) Interference with peptidoglycan synthesis\n(c) Disruption of bacterial cell membrane integrity\n(d) Blocking bacterial protein translation
सही उत्तर: ख) (b) Interference with peptidoglycan synthesis
Vancomycin binds to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of peptidoglycans, inhibiting its formation. This is highly selective for Gram-positive bacteria which synthesize this specific precursor. Options (a), (c), and (d) describe mechanisms that affect a broader range of organisms.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
-
A patient presents with severe abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea following antibiotic use. Gram stain reveals gram-negative rods. A rapid urease test is positive. Which organism is MOST likely responsible for this patient’s symptoms in 2079?\n(a) *Escherichia coli*\n(b) *Klebsiella pneumoniae*\n(c) *Salmonella enterica*\n(d) *Clostridium difficile*
सही उत्तर: घ) (d) *Clostridium difficile*
*Clostridium difficile* is a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to disruption of the normal gut flora, producing urease and leading to positive rapid urease tests. While other gram-negative bacteria can cause similar symptoms, the positive rapid urease test strongly favors *C. difficile*. Options (a), (b) and (c) are all possible pathogens but lack this crucial diagnostic marker.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
-
Which of the following pathological findings would most strongly suggest chronic granulomatous disease?\n(a) Presence of giant cells in a granuloma\n(b) Increased neutrophil apoptosis\n(c) Absence of eosinophils in the affected tissue\n(d) High levels of IgG antibodies\n
सही उत्तर: क) (a) Presence of giant cells in a granuloma
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is characterized by defects in NADPH oxidase, leading to impaired oxidative killing of ingested microorganisms. This manifests as recurrent infections and granuloma formation. Option (b), increased neutrophil apoptosis, is a common consequence of immune dysfunction, but doesn’t specifically point to the disease. Options (c) and (d) are less directly linked.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
-
Tetanospasmin, the causative agent of tetanus, induces spastic paralysis by: (a) Directly damaging motor neurons (b) Blocking neuromuscular transmission (c) Producing a toxin that inhibits acetylcholine release (d) Disrupting sodium ion channels in neuronal membranes
सही उत्तर: घ) (d) Disrupting sodium ion channels in neuronal membranes
Tetanospasmin is a neurotoxin produced by *Clostridium tetani*. It blocks the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle spasms and paralysis. Options (a), (b) and (d) describe alternative mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
-
Hepatitis D virus can only cause infection when co-infected with: (a) Hepatitis A virus (b) Hepatitis B virus (c) HIV (d) Epstein-Barr Virus
सही उत्तर: ख) (b) Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis D (HDV) is a helper virus that requires the assistance of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication. HBV produces the proteins needed to produce infectious HDV particles. Options (a), (c) and (d) represent other viral infections which do not have any relevant relationship with HDV.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
-
In the context of organophosphate poisoning, pralidoxime’s primary mechanism of action involves: (a) Directly neutralizing the effects of the nerve agent (b) Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity (c) Promoting degradation of the organophosphate molecule (d) Stimulating cholinergic receptor activation
सही उत्तर: ख) (b) Inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity
Pralidoxime (2-PAM) is a cholinesterase reactivator. It binds to the phosphorylated form of acetylcholinesterase, reversing its inhibition and allowing it to regain function. Option (a) is incorrect as pralidoxime doesn't directly neutralize the nerve agent, while (c) and (d) represent alternative mechanisms that don’t reflect how Pralidoxime works.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
-
AL amyloidosis, frequently associated with plasma cell dyscrasias, originates from: (a) Bacterial colonization of the bloodstream (b) Degradation products of fibrillar collagen (c) Lipid peroxidation resulting from oxidative stress (d) Viral nucleic acids replicating within cells
सही उत्तर: ख) (b) Degradation products of fibrillar collagen
AL amyloid is composed of misfolded and aggregated immunoglobulin light chains, primarily derived from degraded fibrillar collagen. This process is common in conditions like multiple myeloma. Options (a), (c) and (d) represent distinct pathological mechanisms not directly linked to AL amyloid formation.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
यी अभ्यास प्रश्न हुन्, आधिकारिक प्रश्न होइनन्। पाठ्यक्रम, विज्ञापन र नतिजाका लागि सम्बन्धित निकायको आधिकारिक वेबसाइट हेर्नुहोस्। उत्तरमा गल्ती भेटे प्रश्नमुनिको "टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट" मा लेख्नुहोस्।
नमस्ते! पाठ्यक्रम, सामान्य ज्ञान, भाषा परीक्षा वा कुनै प्रश्नको उत्तर बुझ्न सोध्नुहोस्।
AI ले गल्ती गर्न सक्छ। महत्वपूर्ण कुरा आधिकारिक स्रोतमा जाँच्नुहोस्।