प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology MCQ
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – MD/MS प्रवेश
Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology · MECEE-PG – MD/MS/MDS Entrance · ४०८ प्रश्न
४०८ प्रश्न उपलब्ध। मोड छान्नुहोस्:
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी: प्रश्न र उत्तर
सही लागेको विकल्पमा थिच्नुहोस्। सही भए हरियो, गलत भए रातो देखिन्छ; ३ सेकेन्डपछि सही उत्तर र व्याख्या देखिन्छ।
सही: ० / ०
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Which of the following mechanisms primarily contributes to the anti-tumor effect of methotrexate? (A) Inhibition of DNA synthesis. (B) Stimulation of cell proliferation. (C) Enhancement of oxidative phosphorylation. (D) Interference with microtubule formation.
सही उत्तर: क) Inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Methotrexate's key mechanism is inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase, a crucial enzyme in the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid – essential for DNA and RNA production, thereby halting rapidly dividing cancer cells. Options B, C, and D represent alternative mechanisms or are incorrect regarding methotrexate’s effects.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The characteristic ‘apple green’ appearance observed during Prussian blue staining of myocardial tissue is most indicative of: (A) Iron deposition. (B) Calcium phosphate crystal formation. (C) Lipid accumulation. (D) Protein aggregates.
सही उत्तर: क) Iron deposition.
Prussian blue staining specifically detects iron within tissues; the resulting ‘apple green’ color is a characteristic visual indicator of iron overload or hemosiderosis. Calcium phosphate and lipid stains produce different colors, and protein aggregates aren't effectively detected with this method.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following best describes the morphological hallmark of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP)? (A) Granulomatous inflammation with central case formation. (B) Hyaline membranes lining alveolar walls, often with associated microconsolidation. (C) Extensive necrosis and hemorrhage throughout the lung parenchyma. (D) Formation of large, laminated thrombi within pulmonary vessels.
सही उत्तर: ख) Hyaline membranes lining alveolar walls, often with associated microconsolidation.
Hyaline membrane formation is a defining feature of PCP, representing fibrin deposition and cellular debris along the alveolar-capillary interface. The other options describe manifestations seen in other pneumonias like tuberculosis or fungal infections, not PCP specifically.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with a fever, headache, and stiff neck. CSF analysis reveals numerous neutrophils and ring-enhancing lesions on MRI. Which of the following pathogens is MOST likely responsible?
सही उत्तर: ख) B. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Option B is correct; the clinical presentation (meningitis with CSF findings) and imaging suggest HSV encephalitis, a common cause of viral meningitis. The other options represent different bacterial or fungal infections that do not typically present in this manner.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The ‘window period’ for Hepatitis B virus (HBV) testing refers to:
सही उत्तर: ग) C. The time during which HBV DNA may be undetectable but the virus is still transmissible
Option C is correct; the ‘window period’ is the timeframe after initial infection where viral load is low enough to be missed by standard tests, yet the individual remains infectious. Options A, B and D describe related concepts but are not the definition of the window period.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient is diagnosed with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). Which of the following laboratory findings would MOST strongly support this diagnosis?
सही उत्तर: ख) B. Presence of hyphae seen on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid microscopy
Option B is correct because the hallmark microscopic finding in PCP is the presence of *Pneumocystis jirovecii* cysts and pseudocysts, which are typically seen on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid microscopy. The other options represent findings associated with different infections or conditions.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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In Gram staining, what is the primary function of crystal violet in Gram-negative bacteria?
सही उत्तर: ख) B. To stain the peptidoglycan layer purple
Option B is correct because crystal violet is a primary dye that stains the entire Gram-negative cell, including the peptidoglycan layer, initially making it purple. Options A, C and D represent incorrect actions or targets of the staining process.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with significant bruising and a family history of blood clots. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of Factor V Leiden. Which genetic abnormality is MOST likely responsible for this patient’s hypercoagulability?
सही उत्तर: ख) B. Elevated Factor V Leiden gene mutation
Option B is correct because Factor V Leiden is a common genetic mutation that significantly increases the risk of blood clot formation (thrombophilia). The other options present alternative causes of hypercoagulability which are less specifically linked to genetic factors and family history.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with severe hypotension following acute blood loss. Which of the following pharmacological interventions represents the MOST immediate and effective treatment to address the underlying pathophysiology driving this situation?
सही उत्तर: ग) Injecting intravenous epinephrine (adrenaline)
Epinephrine is a sympathetic agonist that directly increases blood pressure by raising heart rate and vasoconstriction. This directly addresses the physiological response to blood loss – reduced venous return and decreased cardiac output. Albumin helps with volume expansion but doesn’t address the primary mechanism of hypotension in acute blood loss; corticosteroids, steroids and iron supplements are not relevant for this scenario.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following pathological findings would MOST strongly indicate an active fungal infection with Aspergillus species, as visualized on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples?
सही उत्तर: घ) Detection of yeast-like organisms with dichotomous branching septa
Aspergillus infections often present with characteristic septate hyphae (branching septa) which are easily visualized in BAL samples. The presence of yeasts would be expected, but the key feature is the septal morphology. Lymphocyte predominance suggests immune response, crystalline material could indicate another condition, and yeast-like organisms alone aren’t diagnostic of Aspergillus.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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