प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology MCQ
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – MD/MS प्रवेश
Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology · MECEE-PG – MD/MS/MDS Entrance · ४०८ प्रश्न
४०८ प्रश्न उपलब्ध। मोड छान्नुहोस्:
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी: प्रश्न र उत्तर
सही लागेको विकल्पमा थिच्नुहोस्। सही भए हरियो, गलत भए रातो देखिन्छ; ३ सेकेन्डपछि सही उत्तर र व्याख्या देखिन्छ।
सही: ० / ०
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A patient presents with severe hypotension, bronchospasm, and urticaria following exposure to penicillin. The MOST likely pathophysiological mechanism driving this reaction is: (a) Stimulation of the vagus nerve leading to bradycardia. (b) Activation of mast cell degranulation releasing histamine and other mediators. (c) Direct myocardial ischemia due to vasoconstriction. (d) Autoimmune response targeting red blood cells.
सही उत्तर: ख) (b) Activation of mast cell degranulation releasing histamine and other mediators.
Penicillin reactions are primarily Type I hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE-mediated activation of mast cells, leading to the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators causing vasodilation, bronchospasm and hypotension. The other options represent alternative pathways of disease or responses.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following morphological changes is MOST commonly observed in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)? (a) Extensive amyloid deposition in cardiac tissue. (b) Pancytopenia with dysplastic features in bone marrow. (c) Hypercellularity of lymph nodes with prominent germinal centers. (d) Granulomatous inflammation associated with fungal infection.
सही उत्तर: ख) (b) Pancytopenia with dysplastic features in bone marrow.
Pancytopenia (low counts of all blood cells) and dysplastic features (abnormal cell development) are hallmarks of CML, which is a myeloproliferative neoplasm. The other options represent manifestations of other diseases or conditions – amyloid deposition is seen in cardiac hypertrophy, germinal centers are found in lymphomas, and granulomatous inflammation is associated with infections.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with severe cardiac dysfunction following intravenous administration of a particular drug. Subsequent analysis reveals the presence of myocardial fibrosis. This toxicity is most likely related to which mechanism?
सही उत्तर: ख) _Inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport_
Dose-related cardiomyopathy is frequently associated with drugs that disrupt *calcium homeostasis*, particularly by affecting the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This leads to abnormal excitation-contraction coupling and ultimately, myocardial fibrosis. The other options represent alternative mechanisms of drug toxicity.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following findings would most strongly suggest irreversible cell injury? (a) Fatty change (b) Cellular swelling (c) Pyknosis (d) Osmotic imbalance
सही उत्तर: ग) (c) Pyknosis
Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage) is a hallmark of irreversible cell injury. It represents the final stage before necrosis. Cellular swelling and osmotic imbalances are indicative of reversible cell injury; fatty change is a chronic lesion and not an immediate indicator of injury's progression.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. Which of the following medications is PRIMARILY used to inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis at its point of origin? (a) Propranolol (b) Methimazole (c) Radioactive iodine (I-131) (d) Sertraline
सही उत्तर: ग) (c) Radioactive iodine (I-131)
Methimazole is a thionamide that directly inhibits thyroid peroxidase, the enzyme responsible for iodination and coupling of iodotyrosine residues in thyroglobulin, thereby blocking T4 and T3 synthesis. Propranolol only blocks the effects of thyroid hormones; radioactive iodine destroys thyroid tissue, and sertraline is an antidepressant.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following microorganisms is MOST commonly identified using a Gram stain and coagulase test? (a) *Candida albicans* (b) *Staphylococcus aureus* (c) *Escherichia coli* (d) *Aspergillus fumigatus*
सही उत्तर: ख) (b) *Staphylococcus aureus*
The coagulase test is a specific biochemical test used to differentiate *Staphylococcus* species from other bacteria. *Staphylococcus aureus* is the most common bacterium tested for this purpose. The other microorganisms belong to different taxonomic groups and do not typically utilize the coagulase test.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with severe hypotension, tachycardia, bronchospasm, and urticaria. Which of the following medications is MOST appropriate for immediate initial treatment? (a) Prednisone (b) Naloxone (c) Epinephrine (d) Diazepam
सही उत्तर: ग) (c) Epinephrine
Epinephrine is the drug of choice for anaphylaxis due to its vasoconstrictive and bronchodilatory effects. While other options might have some relevance depending on the specific clinical presentation, epinephrine provides immediate symptomatic relief in a severe allergic reaction. Prednisone is an anti-inflammatory medication and will not address the acute bronchospasm.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following pathological features is most strongly associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)? (a) Presence of Negri bodies (b) Philadelphia chromosome translocation (c) Aschoff bodies (d) Round cell stroma
सही उत्तर: ख) (b) Philadelphia chromosome translocation
The Philadelphia chromosome (translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22) is the defining genetic abnormality in CML. The other options represent features of different diseases – Negri bodies are associated with rabies, aschoff bodies with Lyme disease, and round cell stroma can be found in a variety of conditions.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following best describes the action of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy? (A) It directly inhibits viral replication. (B) It induces a cytotoxic response against specific cells. (C) It enhances antibody-mediated immunity by providing preformed antibodies. (D) It suppresses the activity of T lymphocytes.
सही उत्तर: ग) It enhances antibody-mediated immunity by providing preformed antibodies.
IVIG provides patients with a pool of previously produced IgG antibodies, offering immediate passive immunization and stimulating an active immune response that is characteristic of antibody-mediated immunity rather than direct viral inhibition or suppression of T cells.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A biopsy sample from the spleen shows a cluster of large, irregularly shaped cells with multiple nuclei. These cells are surrounded by a clear halo of cytoplasm. This finding is most consistent with: (A) Macrophages. (B) Lymphoblasts. (C) Reed-Sternberg cells. (D) Plasma cells.
सही उत्तर: ग) Reed-Sternberg cells.
Reed-Sternberg cells are characteristic of Hodgkin lymphoma and are defined by their large size, multi-nucleated appearance, and the presence of a cytoplasmic halo, making them uniquely identifiable in biopsies.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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