प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology MCQ
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – MD/MS प्रवेश
Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology · MECEE-PG – MD/MS/MDS Entrance · ४०८ प्रश्न
४०८ प्रश्न उपलब्ध। मोड छान्नुहोस्:
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी: प्रश्न र उत्तर
सही लागेको विकल्पमा थिच्नुहोस्। सही भए हरियो, गलत भए रातो देखिन्छ; ३ सेकेन्डपछि सही उत्तर र व्याख्या देखिन्छ।
सही: ० / ०
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The classic pathological hallmark of acute bacterial endocarditis is vegetative matter, which consists of a central core of bacteria surrounded by fibrin and inflammatory cells. This formation is primarily driven by which process? (a) Neutrophil apoptosis (b) Macrophage proliferation (c) Platelet aggregation (d) Lymphocyte migration
सही उत्तर: क) Neutrophil apoptosis
Option (a), neutrophil apoptosis, is correct. Neutrophils are recruited to the site of infection and undergo apoptosis, releasing enzymes that breakdown bacteria and contribute to fibrin deposition forming the vegetations. Options (b) and (c) involve processes contributing to inflammation but do not directly explain the specific structure of bacterial endocarditis. Option (d) describes a general inflammatory response, but isn’t specifically related to the macroscopic manifestation.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient undergoes an endoscopy and reveals significant changes in the esophageal mucosa. Histopathological examination shows replacement of squamous epithelium with columnar, mucus-secreting cells. This finding is MOST indicative of: A) Gastric ulceration B) Barrett’s esophagus C) Esophagitis D) Peptic stricture
सही उत्तर: ख) B) Barrett’s esophagus
Barrett’s esophagus is a recognized precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma. It is characterized by the metaplastic transformation of squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium, as seen in the question. Gastric ulceration involves damage to the stomach lining, esophagitis reflects inflammation of the esophagus and a peptic stricture is narrowing of the esophagus.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the mechanism by which azithromycin exerts its antibacterial effect? A) Inhibition of DNA gyrase. B) Interference with protein synthesis at the 50S ribosomal subunit. C) Blocking bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. D) Disruption of the bacterial cell membrane integrity.
सही उत्तर: ग) C) Blocking bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.
Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. The other options describe mechanisms used by different classes of antibiotics.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with severe diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Stool cultures reveal the presence of *Clostridium difficile* toxin. Which pharmacological intervention would be MOST appropriate as a primary treatment? A) Amoxicillin B) Metronidazole C) Ciprofloxacin D) Omeprazole
सही उत्तर: ख) B) Metronidazole
*Clostridium difficile* infection is typically treated with antibiotics like metronidazole, which specifically targets anaerobic bacteria. Amoxicillin is a penicillin and ineffective against *C. diff*, ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic but doesn’t specifically target *C. diff*, and omeprazole is an anti-ulcer medication.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The presence of ‘ghost cells’ on a peripheral smear strongly suggests which pathological condition? A) Acute myeloid leukemia B) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia C) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia D) Thrombocytopenia
सही उत्तर: ग) C) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Ghost cells are characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), representing apoptotic lymphocytes that have not been fully phagocytosed. Acute myeloid leukemia presents with atypical blasts and autoimmune hemolytic anaemia involves red cell destruction, while thrombocytopenia is a deficiency of platelets.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following staining methods best demonstrates the granular structure and amyloid deposits within myocardial tissue? A) Wright’s stain B) Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) C) Crystal Violet stain D) Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain
सही उत्तर: घ) D) Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain
PAS stain is specifically designed to visualize carbohydrates and other staining substances like amyloid. H&E primarily stains cellular components with eosin and hematoxylin, providing general tissue morphology but not highlighting the granular aspects associated with amyloid deposits. Wright’s stain is used for stained blood smears and Crystal Violet stains are generally used in histology for specific stains such as collagen,
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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In patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a key chromosomal abnormality involves translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in which genetic alteration?
सही उत्तर: ग) Fusion of the BCR-ABL gene
Option 2, ‘Fusion of the BCR-ABL gene’, is correct. The Philadelphia chromosome results from a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, creating a fusion gene (BCR-ABL) that encodes an abnormally active tyrosine kinase driving uncontrolled cell proliferation.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The primary mechanism by which antibiotics like penicillin inhibit bacterial growth is through interference with:
सही उत्तर: घ) Protein translation
Option 3, ‘Cell wall biosynthesis’, is correct. Penicillins bind to enzymes involved in the peptidoglycan layer formation - a crucial component of bacterial cell walls – thus preventing bacteria from building their protective barriers. Options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect as they relate to other cellular processes.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following best describes the type of necrosis most commonly observed in myocardial infarction?
सही उत्तर: ख) Coagulative Necrosis
Option 1, ‘Coagulative Necrosis’, is correct. Myocardial infarction typically results in coagulative necrosis due to the interruption of blood supply and subsequent ischemia, leading to protein denaturation and tissue solidification. Liquefactive necrosis occurs due to enzymatic breakdown; caseous and fatty necroses are not typical of myocardial damage.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Loop diuretics like furosemide primarily affect which cellular process to reduce fluid volume?
सही उत्तर: ख) Sodium and chloride reabsorption
Option 1, ‘Sodium and chloride reabsorption’, is correct. Furosemide acts as a loop diuretic by inhibiting the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the loop of Henle, leading to increased excretion of sodium and chloride ions thus reducing fluid volume. The other options – protein synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, and cell adhesion – are not directly involved in the mechanism of action of loop diuretics.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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