प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology MCQ
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी – MD/MS प्रवेश
Pathology, Microbiology & Pharmacology · MECEE-PG – MD/MS/MDS Entrance · ४०८ प्रश्न
४०८ प्रश्न उपलब्ध। मोड छान्नुहोस्:
प्याथोलोजी, माइक्रोबायोलोजी र फार्माकोलोजी: प्रश्न र उत्तर
सही लागेको विकल्पमा थिच्नुहोस्। सही भए हरियो, गलत भए रातो देखिन्छ; ३ सेकेन्डपछि सही उत्तर र व्याख्या देखिन्छ।
सही: ० / ०
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A patient presents with jaundice, elevated liver enzymes (AST > ALT), and dark urine. Further investigation reveals the presence of bilirubin in the bile. Which bacterial infection is MOST likely to be responsible for this clinical presentation?
सही उत्तर: ग) C. *Escherichia coli*.
Option B is correct because *Salmonella enterica* can cause salmonellosis, a common bacterial infection that frequently leads to jaundice due to bilirubin overload from bile duct obstruction and elevated liver enzymes reflecting inflammation. Options A, C, and D are involved in other infections and wouldn’t typically cause the described symptom pattern.”
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following microbial features is MOST reliably detected by Gram staining?
सही उत्तर: ख) B. Cell wall peptidoglycan content.
Option A is correct as Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall structure – specifically the presence or absence of endospores. Option B describes a general characteristic, but it isn't what the stain reveals directly. Options C and D are assessed via other methods like biochemical tests or molecular techniques.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following laboratory findings would you MOST likely find in a patient diagnosed with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
सही उत्तर: ग) C. Thrombocytopenia, elevated D-dimer, and reduced fibrinogen levels.
Option C is correct as DIC involves widespread activation of the coagulation cascade leading to microthrombi formation and consumption of clotting factors, reflected by thrombocytopenia, elevated D-dimer (a product of fibrin breakdown), and reduced fibrinogen levels. Option A describes a typical coagulant state. Option B contradicts DIC’s findings and Option D reflects inflammation, not DIC.”
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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The presence of granular leukocytes (neutrophils and/or macrophages) within a myocardial infarction (MI) is indicative of which type of necrosis?
सही उत्तर: ख) B. Liquefactive Necrosis.
Option A is correct - coagulative necrosis is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration and compartmentalization of the affected tissue. Liquefactive necrosis (Option B) involves enzymatic breakdown of tissue with minimal inflammation. Caseous necrosis (Option C) is specific to tuberculosis, and fat necrosis (Option D) involves lipid breakdown products.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following best describes the pathological mechanism underlying septic arthritis?
सही उत्तर: ख) B. Triggered hypersensitivity response involving antibody-mediated activation of neutrophils within the joint space.
Option B is correct because septic arthritis results from bacterial infection triggering a type III hypersensitivity reaction with antibody-mediated neutrophil activation and inflammation within the joint space. Option A is incorrect as viral invasion doesn't directly cause this inflammatory response. Option C is wrong since it describes osteomyelitis, not septic arthritis. Option D misinterprets the changes in synovial fluid.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following staining techniques is MOST useful in detecting fungal infections of the skin?
सही उत्तर: ख) Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain
The Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain stains fungi a characteristic magenta color due to their chitinous cell walls. Gram stain fails to detect fungi effectively. *Wright’s* stain is used primarily for blood smears and *H&E* offers no specific advantage in fungal identification.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A 65-year-old male presents with shortness of breath, bilateral crackles, and a history of chronic heart failure. Chest X-ray reveals pulmonary edema. Which of the following drugs is MOST appropriate as an initial treatment?
सही उत्तर: क) Captopril
Captopril, an ACE inhibitor, directly addresses the underlying cause (increased angiotensin II) and reduces fluid retention, a key component of pulmonary edema in heart failure. *Warfarin* and *Clopidogrel* are anticoagulants used for other conditions, not acute heart failure. *Amoxicillin* is an antibiotic and would be ineffective here.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which pharmacological action is primarily responsible for the neuroleptic effects of Chlorpromazine?
सही उत्तर: ख) Dopamine D2 Receptor Blockade
Chlorpromazine is a potent dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. Blocking this receptor leads to the characteristic antipsychotic effects. While it has some antihistaminic and alpha-blocking properties, its primary therapeutic action rests on dopamine antagonism.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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A patient presents with symptoms including fever, chills, and a productive cough with greenish sputum. Gram stain reveals the presence of gram-negative diplococci. Which bacterial infection is MOST likely?
सही उत्तर: ग) Neisseria meningitidis
*Neisseria meningitidis* (meningococcus) are gram-negative diplococci commonly found in patients with the described symptoms. *Streptococcus pneumoniae* is a common cause of pneumonia but typically presents differently on Gram stain. *Haemophilus influenzae* and *Moraxella catarrhalis* frequently cause respiratory infections, however their presentation does not match this case.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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Which of the following pathological conditions is MOST closely associated with the presence of hyphae on microscopic examination of a tissue biopsy?
सही उत्तर: ख) Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis is characterized by the growth of *Aspergillus* fungi, which frequently appear as septate hyphae on microscopic examination. Pneumonia and Candidiasis typically demonstrate different cellular morphologies. Tuberculosis may present with granulomas but not consistently with fungal hyphae.
💬 टिप्पणी / गल्ती रिपोर्ट (०)
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